Here follows some information about the
Paroxysmal vector as formulated by Lekeuche taken from chapter VII, the
“Affect Circuit” in the “Dialectique des Pulsions”. (Drive dialectics). More
details about this book follow.
Lekeuche:
Szondi uses different qualifications to
explain the activity of this vector. Sometimes he speaks about
- the “Affect vector”, but he uses also
the expressions
- the “Paroxysmal drive (vector),
- the “Drive to surprise”
(Überraschungsdrift) or refers to
- the “Vector of Ethics and Moral”
Szondi uses two psychopathological
entities to explain the working of this vector: “Epilepsy” and “Hysteria”,
which both have in common that their illness is expressed in a “paroxysmal”
way.
The meaning of the Greek word “paroxuno”
includes:
- “to incite, “to provoque”, “to become
angry” and in the passive form: “to aggravate, to become more violent,
“to get an inflammatory aspect.
Medical science evokes the notion of
paroxysm to indicate the highest point of morbid processes. When Szondi speaks
about the “Drive to Surprise” he does so because he believes to be able to
confirm that the drive goal of the P drive is to surprise the enemy in order to
paralyze him and make him inoffensive. (In modern times we have technically the
special “surprise bombs” of the police force!). Szondi considers the P drive
to be an archaic mechanism to protect the individual against extern and intern
dangers. According to him every living organism uses a behavioral pattern which
outmost goal is to surprise the enemy in order to paralyze him and make him
inoffensive.
The two factors (e) and (hy) of the P drive
are thus at the origin of a sequence of movements used as protection mechanisms
against outside danger. As such in (e) the person faints in order to avoid to
be killed by the enemy. In (hy) the individual agitates with theatrical
movements.
When Szondi refers to the P Vector as the
“Affect Vector” he does so in connection with the fact that he considers the
energy sources of the surprise drive to be the affects. Szondi writes that the
surprise drive is nourished (“loaded” ) by the raw-brutal (e) and tender
affects (hy) which accumulate in this vector in order suddenly to discharge in
an explosive manner in the form of movements or other affective expressions. Szondi
differentiates them according to four vector reactions.
The epileptic form (e) accumulates the raw
affects and discharge them in the form of a crisis (e-). But the same factor
conditions likewise the social positive aspect of (e+), the inclination to be
patient, to be just, to have pity, to benevolence.
One finds the (e-) often in psychosomatic
states where rage is directed against the own body (auto intoxication by rage):
Stuttering, skin diseases, ulcers, hypertension, intestinal colitis, brain attack,
infarct.
The (hy) factor assembles affects of a
finer nature.
The reaction (hy -) puts up moral barriers
in the form of shyness, bashfulness. In its positive form (hy+) is
characterized by the need for recognition, ambition and show of. But on the pathological
level (hy-) can also mean: immobilization, protection against the terrible
sexual and existentialistic dangers, while (hy+) pushes to sexual exhibition,
trembling saccades (war neuroses, traumatic neuroses), tics, motoric agitation
and hysterical crisis based on the need to be loved.
Already Freud pointed out that man’s
affective activity is made up of “contrasting pairs” (e.g. love-hate). He
writes (in Ratman) “If it was otherwise there might probably be no repression
and no neurosis” - and mentions that “the affective conflicts are welded
together in couples”. It is always possible that a kind of turnover into the
contrary is produced. Hate (e-) is reversed into guilt (e+). Love is reversed
into hate. Even the original Greek word for epilepsy “epilambo” includes in
itself an antagonistic tendency. At one side it signifies “to attack and
surprise the enemy” and at the other side “to retain and inhibit all hostile
action”
This antagonism corresponds to the double
sense and contradiction that characterizes the essence of the factor (e). In
the Pathoanalytical working through of the Szondi Test, the Paroxysmal vector
follows after the interpretation of the Sexual Vector. Lekeuche points out that
the characteristic for the S Vector is the individual’s relation with his own
body and with the body of his partner (totally or partially). As much as that
is the instrument of the pleasure, may it be accepted or denied, it is in
another word a sexual object.
The world of the sexual vector presupposes a
kind of dual functioning between objects:
“I am a sexual object for the other and
myself and the others an object for myself and to themselves”. What here is
important is to enjoy oneself without any restriction.
In this S vector the first intention is to
satisfy the pleasure imperative.
In contrast to this in the P vector a new
step forward is made in the history of development. The individual is
confronted (summoned) by the necessity to renounce.
He is forced to consider the elementary
truth that those who put their body and soul totally in the service of pleasure
finish making their live impossible.
The sexual drives are insupportable, never
satisfied, they never stop to claim satisfaction,
on and on, they never have enough. In this
way the task of the individual becomes thus at a certain moment to limit their
claims, if not he will be taken away by his sexual drives like a feather in a
stream. Thus the problem which with the individual is confronted at the stage
of the P vector is the following:
“How to limit, regulate, and order his
sexual drive”. He has to learn how to accept a satisfaction that is at the same
time limited and codified. In other words he has to submit the sexual claims to
those of the LAW, that from its side claims a renouncement of unlimited and
anarchistic pleasure. In other words the individual has to comply to the
necessities of social and family life
.
Szondi´s geniality has given us the
key elements that permits us to define the Affect- vector and to understand the
essence of what happens there.
Finish citation of Lekeuche´s text.
In connection with this citation I to give
herewith a revieuw about Lekeuche´s and Mélon´s book: DIALECTIQUE DES PULSIONS. It is probably the best French
introduction to Szondi´s drive theory. I hope that someday this book will
be translated into English. Herewith follows an English translation of this
review about it. The original text in French follows together with a
bibliography.
Szondi Greetings to you all from
Leo Berlips, editor Szondi Forum.
=================================================
DIALECTIQUE
DES PULSIONS, 3ème édition
par
Philippe Lekeuche et Jean Melon
Edition
De Boeck-Wesmael s.a., 1990
203
Avenue Louise - 1050 Bruxelles. Belgique
At present this work can be considered to
be the best French introduction to the Drive theory of Leopold Szondi and the
experimental diagnosis of drives, the famous Szonditest. It contributes to a
new way of interpreting the Szondi theory as it is applied since more than
twenty years by the Louvain School, around Jacques Schotte.
The Szondi Drive scheme is shown to be able
to analyze essential psychopathological phenomena and concepts, mainly
Freudian, which cover the working out of a theoretical system at the cross
roads of different fields of knowledge about men (psychanalyse, psychiatry,
phenomenology, etc….) seen from a general clinical anthropological
perspectrive.
This book
contributes equally with a large part to the necessary renewing of concepts. In
the first place as for the nosographic registers, partly unknown by
psychoanalysts, for example concerning the disorders of contact which include
notably the thymopathies, psychopathies and drug addictions. Finally it
re-opens again, seen from a new angle the question of the test´s validity
and the Szondi Drive scheme.
Jean Mélon
Doctors degree in Medicin and Psychology.
Psychiatrist with private practice.
Psychoanalyste, member of the Belgium
psychoanalytical society since 1976.
Alhough in
the first place practicing psychoanalysis, he uses the Szondi theory and test
as the best auxiliaries as for theoretical clinical research.
Philip Lekeuche
Doctor in
Psychology. From 1979 till 1988, researcher and later
assistant at the Catholique University of Louvain. He is actually often invited
as organizer and Guest speaker teaching Szondi theory. Since 1984 he works
with research related with the theory and treatment of drug addicts within the
frame of Solbosch hospital in Bruxelles.
The important neologism “Pathoanalyse”
refers to the psychoanalytical horizon as central reference, but not totally,
it insists on he relevance of the generalization of the famous Freudian
principle called the “broken crystal”, according to which the entity-forms of
the nosography are disclosing the subjects structure, and even – expressed in
another language point out to the definitive categories of “human condition”.
From this perspective the Library of
Pathoanalyse has the intention to unit the congruent works of different
sciences but register each one within the frame of such a general clinical
anthropology.
==================================================
DIALECTIQUE
DES PULSIONS, 3ème édition
par
Philippe Lekeuche et Jean Melon
Edition
De Boeck-Wesmael s.a., 1990
203
Avenue Louise - 1050 Bruxelles. Belgique
Le
présent ouvrage constitue à ce jour la meilleure introduction
française à la théorie pulsionnelle de Léopold
Szondi ainsi qu'au diagnostic expérimental des pulsions, le fameux test
de Szondi. Il contribue à la relecture de la théorie szondienne
telle qu'elle est effectuée par l’Ecole de Louvain, autour de Jacques
Schotte, depuis une vingtaine d'années.
Le
schéma pulsionnel szondien y apparaît comme un analyseur des
phénomènes psychopathologiques et des concepts, freudiens pour
l'essentiel, qui couvrent à en élaborer la théorisation au
carrefour de différents champs de la connaissance de l'homme
(psychanalyse, psychiatrie, phénoménologie, etc...) dans la
perspective d'une anthropologie clinique générale.
Ce
livre fait également une large part au renouvellement nécessaire
des concepts pour l'abord de registres nosographiques partiellement
méconnus par les psychanalystes comme, par exemple, celui des troubles
du contact qui inclut notamment les thymopathies, les psychopathies, et les toxicomanies.
Il rouvre enfin, sous un angle nouveau, la question de la validité du
test et du schéma pulsionnel de Szondi.
-----------------------------------------
Jean
Mélon
Docteur
en Médecine et en Psychologie. Psychiatre de pratique privée.
Psychanalyste,
membre de la Société Belge de Psychanalyse depuis 1976.
Praticien
de la psychanalyse avant tout, il s'aide de la théorie et du test de
Szondi comme des meilleurs auxiliaires de sa recherche théoricoclinique.
Depuis
1985, il enseigne la psychologie clinique à l'Université de
Liège.
-------------------------------------------
Philippe
Lekeuche
Docteur
en Psychologie. De 1979 à 1988, chercheur puis assistant à
l'Université Catholique de Louvain. il y est actuellement Maître
de Conférences invité, titulaire de l'enseignement szondien.
Depuis 1984, il poursuit des recherches relatives à la théorie et
au traitement des toxicomanies dans le cadre du Solbosch à Bruxelles.
----------------------------------------
Le
signifiant néologique de "pathoanalyse" renvoie à
l'horizon de la psychanalyse comme référence centrale, mais non
pas unique. i1 insiste sur la pertinence de la généralisation du
célèbre principe freudien dit du "cristal brisé"
selon lequel les entités-formes de la nosographie sont
révélatrices de la structure du sujet, voire, en un autre
langage, des catégories définitoires de la condition humaine.
Dans cette perspective, la Bibliothèque de Pathoanalyse se propose de
réunir des ouvrages relevant des diverses sciences humaines mais s'inscrivant
chacun dans le cadre d'une telle anthropologie clinique générale.
=========================================================
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